The History and Invention of Peanut Butter

It’s one of the country’s favorite things to spread over bread. We dip celery sticks in it. It’s often baked into cookies and countless deserts. I’m talking about peanut butter and as a whole Americans consume tons of the pulverized pea -- about a billion pounds worth each year. That’s roughly $800 spent annually and  a booming increase from the roughly two million  pounds produced at the turn of the 20th century. Peanut butter was not invented by George Washington Carver, as many believe. Peanuts were first cultivated as food in South America and natives in the region began turning them into grounded up paste roughly 3,000 years ago. The kind of peanut butter that the Incas and Aztecs made was of course much different from the manufactured stuff sold in grocery stores today. The more modern story of peanut butter actually began towards the end of the 19th century, not too long after farmers began mass commercializing the crop that was suddenly in demand after the civil war. A Nutty Controversy So who invented peanut butter? Its hard to say. In fact, there appears to be some disagreement among food historians over who deserves the honor. One historian, Eleanor Rosakranse, says a woman from New York named Rose Davis started making peanut butter as early as the 1840’s after her son reported seeing women in Cuba grinding peanuts into a pulp and smearing it onto bread.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Then there are some who think the credit should go to Marcellus Gilmore Edson, a Canadian chemist who in 1884 filed and was granted the first patent in the United States for what he called â€Å"peanut-candy.† Conceived as a kind of flavoring paste, the process described running roasted peanuts through a heated mill to produce a fluid or semi-fluid byproduct that cools into a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment. However, there wasn’t any indication that Edson made or sold peanut butter as a commercial product. A case can also be made for a St. Louis businessman named George A. Bayle, who began packaging and selling peanut butter through his food manufacturing company. It’s believed that the idea was born out of a collaboration with a doctor who had been seeking a way for his patients who were unable to chew meat to ingest protein. Bayle also ran advertisements in the early 1920’s proclaiming his company to be the â€Å"Original Manufacturers of Peanut Butter.† Cans of Bayle’s Peanut Butter came with labels touting this claim as well. Dr. John Harvey Kellogg It isn’t difficult to find those who dispute this claim as many have argued that the honor should go to none other than the influential Seventh-day Adventist Dr. John Harvey Kellogg. Indeed, the National Peanut Board states that Kellogg received a patent in 1896 for a technique he developed for making peanut butter. There’s also an 1897 advertisement for Kellogg’s Sanitas company Nut Butters that pre-dates all other competitors. More importantly, though, Kellogg was a tireless promoter of peanut butter. He travelled extensively throughout the country giving lectures on its benefits of to health. Kellogg even served peanut butter to his patients at the Battle Creek Sanitarium, a health resort with treatment programs supported by the Seventh-day Adventist church. The one big knock on Kellogg’s claim as the father of modern day peanut butter is that his disastrous decision to switch from roasted nuts to steamed nuts resulted in a product that barely resembled the ubiquitous jarred goodness found on store shelves today. Kellogg also  in an indirect way played a part in the production of peanut butter reaching a mass scale. John Lambert, an employee of Kellogg’s who was involved in the nut butter business, eventually left in 1896 and founded a company to develop and manufacture industrial strength peanut-grinding machines. He would soon have competition as another machine manufacturer, Ambrose Straub, was granted a patent for one of the earliest peanut butter machines in 1903. The machines made the process easier as making peanut butter had been quite tedious. Peanuts were first grounded using a mortar and pestle before being put through a meat grinder. Even then, it was hard to achieve the desired consistency.   Peanut Butter Goes Global In 1904, peanut butter was introduced to the wider public at the World’s Fair in St. Louis. According to the book â€Å"Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food,† a concessionaire named C.H. Sumner was the only vendor to sell peanut butter. Using one of Ambrose Straub’s peanut butter machines, Sumner sold $705.11 worth of peanut butter. That same year, the Beech-Nut Packing Company became the first nationwide brand to market peanut butter and continued to distribute the product until 1956. Other notable early brands to follow suit were the Heinz company, which entered the market in 1909 and the Krema Nut Company, an Ohio-based operation that survives to this day as the world’s oldest peanut butter company. Soon more and more companies would start selling peanut butter as a disastrous mass invasion of boll weevils ravaged the south, destroying much of cotton crop yields that had long been a staple of the region’s farmers. Thus the food industry’s growing interest in peanut was fueled in part by many farmers turning to peanuts as a replacement. Even as demand for peanut butter grew, it was primarily being sold as a regional product. In fact, Krema founder Benton Black once proudly boasted â€Å"I refuse to sell outside Ohio.† While it may sound today like a bad way of doing business, it made sense at the time as grounded peanut butter was unstable and best distributed locally. The problem was that, as the oil separated from the peanut butter solids, it would rise to the top and quickly spoil with exposure to light and oxygen.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All that changed in the 1920’s when a businessman named Joseph Rosefield patented a process called â€Å"Peanut butter and process of manufacturing the same,† which describes how hydrogenation of peanut oil can be used to keep the peanut butter from coming apart. Rosefield began licensing the patent to food  companies  before he decided to go off on his own and launch his own brand. Rosefields Skippy peanut butter, along with Peter Pan and Jif, would go on to become the most successful and recognizable names in the business.

The Vietnam War Of Vietnam - 2003 Words

The Vietnam War in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia lasted from November 1st, 1955 to around April 30th, 1975. The war was split up between two sides, North Vietnam, who were allied with the Soviet Union, China, and most of the communist countries during this time period, and South Vietnam, who were allied with the United States and many countries that were against the belief of Communism. Although the United States did not necessarily have to get involved in the war, they believed that they had too so that South Vietnam would not join the Communist party. During this time period there was a belief that if a region began to fall underneath communist control then other countries around them would do the same, this was known as the domino theory. As a result, the United States were committed for the long run to try and contribute to South Vietnam, so that Communism would not spread across the world. While the United States government was simply trying to stop Communism, what they did not kn ow was that this war would begin the movement of anti-war by the citizens of the United States. Peace movements began to appear all across the country in major cities such as New York, Washington D.C., Philadelphia, Chicago, and in smaller towns as well. Surprisingly, numerous veterans joined in on the movement too. This may have been due to the fact that many veterans have struggled from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, but it also enlightened an abundant amount of citizens for if those who areShow MoreRelatedThe Vietnam War On Vietnam1725 Words   |  7 PagesThe War on Vietnam Many believe that the way Americans entered the war against the North Vietnam communists was unjust. The United States got into a war that they had no clue on how to win. â€Å"The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The divisive war, increasingly unpopular at home, ended with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973Read MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam920 Words   |  4 Pages1940’s Vietnam was trying to break free of French reign over their country. During this time period Vietnam was split into two parts, north and south. The Japanese had decided to take over Vietnam in 1942. They couldn’t capture all of Vietnam, so they decided to retreat. North Vietnam proclaimed independence on September 2, 1945 as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The State of Vietnam declared independence on June 14, 1949, b ut remained under French rule until August 1, 1954. South Vietnam was theRead MoreThe Vietnam War : Vietnam1170 Words   |  5 PagesBeyond Vietnam. The Vietnam War is one of the most traumatic episodes in the history of the United States. Not only because it ended with a defeat for the United States Army, but because unleashed the largest wave of protests in the country, in which the government lost support. Extended over more than a decade, between 1959 to April 30 of 1975, although the US intervened in 1965, in which American soldiers experienced in firsthand scenes of destruction and death. During the Vietnam War clashedRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1711 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' The Vietnam War was one of the bloodiest wars in the history of Vietnam. Vietnam use to be a peaceful country until the idea of communism started spreading across Vietnam. Many wanted to stay democratic but saw what happened to the Germans and started to lean towards communism. Many also wanted to stay democratic and still had it hopes high that it will soon get their lives and economy back on track. It later exploded into a huge argument and then leads to a civil war spurring between NorthRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam952 Words   |  4 Pageswords that describe the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War had 240 days of combat in one year. World War II had forty days of combat in four years(Interesting Facts). That statistic shows how rough the Vietnam War was. The fighting was constant between the two sides. This war was fought over politics and had many gruesome battles. Before the Vietnam war, Vietnam was in a revolution because they did not want to be ruled by France. Vietnam wanted to be independent right after World War II ended in 1945. JapanRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1534 Words   |  7 Pages The Vietnam War began November 1st, 1955 and ended April 30th, 1975. It was a long costly war that involved North Vietnam and their Southern allies, known as Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its main ally the United States. This war was very unpopular at home and would end with the withdrawal of the United States and the unification of Vietnam under communist control. Many think of war as something that just men are involved in but very rarely do people think of the role of women in the warRead MoreThe War Of Vietnam And The Vietnam War1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe war in Vietnam is The United States and other capitalist bloc countries supported South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) against the support by the Soviet Union and other socialis t bloc countries of North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and the Vietcong of war. Which occurred during the Cold War of Vietnam (main battlefield), Laos, and Cambodia. This is the biggest and longtime war in American history during the 1960s (Best 2008). It is also the most significant war after World War IIRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1573 Words   |  7 PagesA. The Vietnam War occurred from 1955-1975, this included the North and South fighting over government structure of the newly independent state of Vietnam, having recently become independent from France. However, the USA was in Vietnam as a sort of protection for the South Vietnamese people, who had a weaker army force, but only a few thousand Americans were in Vietnam for that purpose at the time. On August 7, 1964, the USA entered the war for the purpose of fighting the North Vietnamese due toRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1987 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1945, at the end of WWII, Vietnam started their wa r for independence against their colonial rulers, France. Nine years after the start of the First Indochina War, the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu which led to a peace conference in Geneva. At the conference, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam received their independence from France. However, Vietnam was divided between a Communist North and a Democratic South. In 1958, Communist- supported guerrillas in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, beganRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War848 Words   |  4 Pageseverything. The Vietnam War changed a lot of people all around the world. The Vietnam War was between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The Vietnam War was a very bloody and violent war. The war was a long and costly-armed conflict. This war changed Vietnam and its citizens forever. During the Vietnam War, North Vietnam and South Vietnam both had received help from other countries. South Vietnam worked with the United States, South Korea, Thailand, Australia, and New Zealand. North Vietnam worked with

The Vampire Diaries Dark Reunion Chapter Ten Free Essays

Meredith sat down on the knee-high wall of the ruined church. â€Å"You said it was going to be dangerous, Stefan, but you didn’t say you were going to let him strangle me.† â€Å"I’m sorry. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vampire Diaries: Dark Reunion Chapter Ten or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was hoping he’d give some more information, especially after he admitted to being there when Sue died. But I shouldn’t have waited.† â€Å"I haven’t admitted anything! You can’t prove anything,† Tyler said. The animal whine was back in his voice, but on the walk up his face and body had returned to normal. Or rather, they’d returned to human, Meredith thought. The swelling and bruises and dried blood weren’t normal. â€Å"This isn’t a court of law, Tyler,† she said. â€Å"Your father can’t help you now.† â€Å"But if it were, we’d have a pretty good case,† Stefan added. â€Å"Enough to put you away on conspiracy to commit murder, I think.† â€Å"That’s if somebody doesn’t melt down their grandma’s teaspoons to make a silver bullet,† Matt put in. Tyler looked from one to another of them. â€Å"I won’t tell you anything.† â€Å"Tyler, you know what you are? You’re a bully,† Bonnie said. â€Å"And bullies always talk.† â€Å"You don’t mind pinning a girl down and threatening her,† said Matt, â€Å"but when her friends turn up, you’re scared spitless.† Tyler just glared at all of them. â€Å"Well, if you don’t want to talk, I guess I’ll have to,† Stefan said. He leaned down and picked up the thick book he’d gotten from the library. One foot on the lip of the tomb, he rested the book on his knee and opened it. In that moment, Meredith thought, he looked frighteningly like Damon. â€Å"This is a book by Gervase of Tilbury, Tyler,† he said. â€Å"It was written around the year 1210 a.d. One of the things it talks about is werewolves.† â€Å"You can’t prove anything! You don’t have any evidence-â€Å" â€Å"Shut up, Tyler!† Stefan looked at him. â€Å"I don’t need to prove it. I can see it, even now. Have you forgotten what I am?† There was a silence, and then Stefan went on. â€Å"When I got here a few days ago, there was a mystery. A girl was dead. But who killed her? And why? All the clues I could see seemed contradictory. â€Å"It wasn’t an ordinary killing, not some human psycho off the street. I had the word of somebody I trusted on that-and independent evidence, too. An ordinary killer can’t work a Ouija board by telekinesis. An ordinary killer can’t cause fuses to blow in a power plant hundreds of miles away. â€Å"No, this was somebody with tremendous physical and psychic power. From everything Vickie told me, it sounded like a vampire. â€Å"And there was another thing. You were in that house, Tyler. You made the mistake of grabbing Bonnie that night, and then you made the mistake of shooting off your mouth the next day, saying things you couldn’t have known unless you were there. â€Å"So what did we have? A seasoned vampire, a vicious killer with Power to spare? Or a high school bully who couldn’t organize a trip to the toilet without falling over his own feet? Which? The evidence pointed both ways, and I couldn’t make up my mind. â€Å"Then I went to see Sue’s body myself. And there it was, the biggest mystery of all. A cut here.† Stefan’s finger sketched a sharp line down from his collarbone. â€Å"Typical, traditional cut-made by vampires to share their own blood. But Sue wasn’t a vampire, and she didn’t make that cut herself. Someone made it for her as she lay there dying on the ground.† Meredith shut her eyes, and she heard Bonnie swallow hard beside her. She put out a hand and found Bonnie’s and held tight, but she went on listening. Stefan had not gone into this kind of detail in his explanation to them before. â€Å"Vampires don’t need to cut their victims like that; they use their teeth,† Stefan said. His upper lip lifted slightly to show his own teeth. â€Å"But if a vampire wanted to draw blood for somebody else to drink, he might cut instead of biting. If a vampire wanted to give someone else the first and only taste, he might do that. â€Å"And that started me thinking about blood. Blood is important, you see. For vampires, it gives life, Power. It’s all we need for survival, and there are times when needing it drives us crazy. But it’s good for other things, too. For instance†¦ initiation. â€Å"Initiation and Power. Now I was thinking about those two things, putting them together with what I’d seen of you, Tyler, when I was in Fell’s Church before. Little things I hadn’t really focused on. But I remembered something Elena had told me about your family history, and I decided to check it out in Honoria Fell’s journal.† Stefan lifted a piece of paper from between the pages of the book he held. â€Å"And there it was, in Honoria’s handwriting. I Xeroxed the page so I could read it to you. The Smallwoods’ little family secret-if you can read between the lines.† Looking down at the paper, he read: â€Å"November 12. Candles made, flax spun. We are short on cornmeal and salt, but we will get through the winter. Last night an alarm; wolves attacked Jacob Smallwood as he returned from the forest. I treated the wound with whortleberry and sallow bark, but it is deep and I am afraid. After coming home I cast the runes. I have told no one but Thomas the results. â€Å"December 20. Wolf trouble at the Smallwoods’ again. We heard the screams a few minutes ago, and Thomas said it was time. He made the bullets yesterday. He has loaded his rifle and we will walk over. If we are spared, I will write again. â€Å"December 21. Went over to Smallwoods’ last night. Jacob sorely afflicted. Wolf killed. â€Å"We will bury Jacob in the little graveyard at the foot of the hill. May his soul find peace in death. â€Å"In the official history of Fell’s Church,† Stefan said, â€Å"that’s been interpreted to mean that Thomas Fell and his wife went over to the Smallwoods’ to find Jacob Smallwood being attacked by a wolf again, and that the wolf killed him. But that’s wrong. What it really says is not that the wolf killed Jacob Smallwood but that Jacob Smallwood, the wolf, was killed.† Stefan shut the book. â€Å"He was a werewolf, your great-great-great-whatever grandfather, Tyler. He got that way by being attacked by a werewolf himself. And he passed his werewolf virus on to the son who was born eight and a half months after he died. Just the way your father passed it on to you.† â€Å"I always knew there was something about you, Tyler,† Bonnie said, and Meredith opened her eyes. â€Å"I never could tell what it was, but at the back of my mind something was telling me you were creepy.† â€Å"We used to make jokes about it,† Meredith said, her voice still husky. â€Å"About your ‘animal magnetism and your big white teeth. We just never knew how close to the mark we were.† â€Å"Sometimes psychics can sense that kind of thing,† Stefan conceded. â€Å"Sometimes even ordinary people can. I should have seen it, but I was preoccupied. Still, that’s no excuse. And obviously somebody else-the psychic killer-saw it right away. Didn’t he, Tyler? A man wearing an old raincoat came to you. He was tall, with blond hair and blue eyes, and he made some kind of a deal with you. In exchange for-something-he’d show you how to reclaim your heritage. How to become a real werewolf. â€Å"Because according to Gervase of Tilbury†-Stefan tapped the book on his knee -â€Å"a werewolf who hasn’t been bitten himself needs to be initiated. That means you can have the werewolf virus all your life but never even know it because it’s never activated. Generations of Smallwoods have lived and died, but the virus was dormant in them because they didn’t know the secret of waking it up. But the man in the raincoat knew. He knew that you have to kill and taste fresh blood. After that, at the first full moon you can change.† Stefan glanced up, and Meredith followed his gaze to the white disk of the moon in the sky. It looked clean and two dimensional now, no longer a sullen red globe. â€Å"Very clever,† said Meredith, and Matt said, â€Å"No kidding.† Bonnie wet her finger and marked an imaginary 1 on an invisible Scoreboard. â€Å"I knew you wouldn’t be able to resist following one of the girls here if you thought she’d be alone,† said Stefan. â€Å"You’d think that the graveyard was the perfect place to kill; you’d have complete privacy. And I knew you wouldn’t be able to resist bragging about what you’d done. I was hoping you’d tell Meredith more about the other killer, the one who actually threw Sue out the window, the one who cut her so you could drink fresh blood. The vampire, Tyler. Who is he? Where is he hiding?† Tyler’s look of venomous hatred changed to a sneer. â€Å"You think I’d tell you that? He’s my friend.† â€Å"He is not your friend, Tyler. He’s using you. And he’s a murderer.† â€Å"Don’t get in any deeper, Tyler,† Matt added. â€Å"You’re already an accessory. Tonight you tried to kill Meredith. Pretty soon you’re not going to be able to go back even if you want to. Be smart and stop this now. Tell us what you know.† Tyler bared his teeth. â€Å"I’m not telling you anything. How’re you going to make me?† The others exchanged glances. The atmosphere changed, became charged with tension as they all turned back to Tyler. â€Å"You really don’t understand, do you?† Meredith said quietly. â€Å"Tyler, you helped kill Sue. She died for an obscene ritual so that you could change into that thing I saw. You were planning to kill me, and Vickie and Bonnie too, I’m sure. Do you think we have any pity for you? Do you think we brought you up here to be nice to you?† There was a silence. The sneer was fading from Tyler’s lips. He looked from one face to another. They were all implacable. Even Bonnie’s small face was unforgiving. â€Å"Gervase of Tilbury mentions one interesting thing,† Stefan said, almost pleasantly. â€Å"There’s a cure for werewolves besides the traditional silver bullet. Listen.† By moonlight, he read from the book on his knee. â€Å"It is commonly reported and held by grave and worthy doctors that if a werewolf be shorn of one of his members, he shall surely recover his original body. Gervase goes on to tell the story of Raimbaud of Auvergne, a werewolf who was cured when a carpenter cut off one of his hind paws. Of course, that was probably hideously painful, but the story goes that Raimbaud thanked the carpenter ‘for ridding him forever of the accursed and damnable form.’ † Stefan raised his head. â€Å"Now, I’m thinking that if Tyler won’t help us with information, the least we can do is make sure he doesn’t go out and kill again. What do the rest of you say?† â€Å"All we have to do is relieve him of one of his members,† Bonnie agreed. â€Å"I can think of one right off,† Meredith said under her breath. Tyler’s eyes were starting to bulge. Under the dirt and blood his normally ruddy face had gone pale. â€Å"You’re bluffing!† â€Å"Get the ax, Matt,† said Stefan. â€Å"Meredith, you take off one of his shoes.† Tyler kicked when she did, aiming for her face. Matt came and got his head in a hammer-lock. â€Å"Don’t make it any worse on yourself, Tyler.† The bare foot Meredith exposed was big, the sole as sweaty as Tyler’s palms. Coarse hair sprouted from the toes. It made Meredith’s skin crawl. â€Å"Let’s get this over with,† she said. â€Å"You’re joking!† Tyler howled, thrashing so that Bonnie had to come and grab his other leg and kneel on it. â€Å"You can’t do this! You can’t!† â€Å"Keep him still,† Stefan said. Working together, they stretched Tyler out, his head locked in Matt’s arm, his legs spread and pinned by the girls. Making sure Tyler could see what he was doing, Stefan balanced a branch perhaps two inches thick on the lip of the tomb. He raised the ax and then brought it down hard, severing the stick with one blow. â€Å"It’s sharp enough,† he said. â€Å"Meredith, roll his pants leg up. Then tie some of that cord just above his ankle as tight as you can for a tourniquet. Otherwise he’ll bleed out.† â€Å"You can’t do this!† Tyler was screaming. â€Å"You can’t dooooooo this!† â€Å"Scream all you want, Tyler. Up here, nobody’s going to hear you, right?† Stefan said. â€Å"You’re no better than I am!† Tyler yelled in a spray of spittle. â€Å"You’re a killer too!† â€Å"I know exactly what I am,† Stefan said. â€Å"Believe me, Tyler. I know. Is everybody ready? Good. Hold on to him; he’s going to jump when I do it.† Tyler’s screams weren’t even words anymore. Matt was holding him so that he could see Stefan kneel and take aim, hefting the ax blade above Tyler’s ankle to gauge force and distance. â€Å"Now,† said Stefan, raising the ax high. â€Å"No! No! I’ll talk to you! I’ll talk!† shrieked Tyler. Stefan glanced at him. â€Å"Too late,† he said, and brought the ax down. It rebounded off the stone floor with a clang and a spark, but the noise was drowned by Tyler’s screaming. It seemed to take Tyler several minutes to realize that the blade hadn’t touched his foot. He paused for breath only when he choked, and turned wild, bulging eyes on Stefan. Little whimpers were coming from Tyler’s throat and there was foam on his lips. â€Å"I don’t know his name,† he gasped out. â€Å"But he looks like you said. And you’re right; he’s a vampire, man! I saw him drain a ten-point buck while it was still kicking. He lied to me,† Tyler added, the whine creeping back into his voice. â€Å"He told me I’d be stronger than anybody, as strong as him. He said I could have any girl I wanted, any way I wanted. The creep lied.† â€Å"He told you that you could kill and get away with it,† Stefan said. â€Å"He said I could do Caroline that night. She had it coming after the way she ditched me. I wanted to make her beg-but she got out of the house somehow. I could have Caroline and Vickie, he said. All he wanted was Bonnie and Meredith.† â€Å"But you just tried to kill Meredith.† â€Å"That was now. Things are different now, stupid. He said it was all right.† â€Å"Why?† Meredith asked Stefan in an undertone. â€Å"Maybe because you’d served your purpose,† he said. â€Å"You’d brought me here.† Then he went on, â€Å"All right, Tyler, show us you’re cooperating. Tell us how we can get this guy.† â€Å"Get him? You’re nuts!† Tyler burst into ugly laughter, and Matt tightened the arm around his throat. â€Å"Hey, choke me all you want; it’s still the truth. He told me he’s one of the Old Ones, one of the Originals, whatever that means. He said he’s been making vampires since before the pyramids. He said he’s made a bargain with the devil. You could stick a stake in his heart and it wouldn’t do anything. You can’t kill him.† The laughter became uncontrolled. â€Å"Where’s he hiding, Tyler?† Stefan rapped out. â€Å"Every vampire needs a place to sleep. Where is it?† â€Å"He’d kill me if I told you that. He’d eat me, man. God, if I told you what he did to that buck before it died†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tyler’s laughter was turning into something like sobs. â€Å"Then you’d better help us destroy him before he can find you, hadn’t you? What’s his weak point? How’s he vulnerable?† â€Å"God, that poor buck†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tyler was blubbering. â€Å"What about Sue? Did you cry over her?† Stefan said sharply. He picked up the ax. â€Å"I think,† he said, â€Å"that you’re wasting our time.† The ax lifted. â€Å"No! No! I’ll talk to you; I’ll tell you something. Look, there’s one kind of wood that can hurt him-not kill him, but hurt him. He admitted that but didn’t tell me what it was! I swear to you that’s the truth!† â€Å"Not good enough, Tyler,† said Stefan. â€Å"For God’s sake-I’ll tell you where he’s going tonight. If you get over there fast enough, maybe you can stop him.† â€Å"What do you mean, where he’s going tonight? Talk fast, Tyler!† â€Å"He’s going to Vickie’s, okay? He said tonight we get one each. That’s helpful, isn’t it? If you hurry, maybe you can get there!† Stefan had frozen, and Meredith felt her heart racing. Vickie. They hadn’t even thought about an attack on Vickie. â€Å"Damon’s guarding her,† Matt said. â€Å"Right, Stefan? Right?† â€Å"He’s supposed to be,† Stefan said. â€Å"I left him there at dusk. If something happened, he should have called me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You guys,† Bonnie whispered. Her eyes were big and her lips were trembling. â€Å"I think we’d better get over there now.† They stared at her a moment and then everyone was moving. The ax clanged on the floor as Stefan dropped it. â€Å"Hey, you can’t leave me like this! I can’t drive! He’s gonna come back for me! Come back and untie my hands!† Tyler shrieked. None of them answered. They ran all the way down the hill and piled into Meredith’s car. Meredith took off speeding, rounding corners dangerously fast and gliding through stop signs, but there was a part of her that didn’t want to get to Vickie’s house. That wanted to turn around and drive the other way. I’m calm; I’m the one who’s always calm, she thought. But that was on the outside. Meredith knew very well how calm you could look on the outside when inside everything was breaking up. They rounded the last corner onto Birch Street and Meredith hit the brakes. â€Å"Oh, God!† Bonnie cried from the backseat. â€Å"No! No!† â€Å"Quick,† Stefan said. â€Å"There may still be a chance.† He wrenched open the door and was out even before the car had stopped. But in back, Bonnie was sobbing. How to cite The Vampire Diaries: Dark Reunion Chapter Ten, Essay examples

Management Is a Discipline Which Focuses †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Explain Management Is a Discipline Which Focuses? Answer: Introducation Project management is a discipline which focuses on effective completing the set target in a structured manner through effective initiation, planning, execution, control and project control stages. This helps in developing significant and well defined means of objectives while focusing on cost and time factors significantly (Alotaibi and Mafimisebi, 2016). Project management is a time bound because they are carried out for a specific period of time. Construction projects, strategic development, technology development, system updates etc are few examples of projects which businesses undertake to enhance business performance and growth within the market. Construction projects are the common yet most challenging aspects of project management. A specific and well defined means of planning, budgeting and execution is demanded in these projects as they help in creating a significant flow within the market thus creating high impact on project completion. Different methodologies are undertaken to deal with the projects in an effective and well defined manner (Sardar, Bandyopadhyay and Sanyal, 2016). Project managers develop the methodologies as per the activity demand. Project methodology focuses on effectively attaining the project aim in an effective and structured manner. Implementation of effective mythology helps in minimizing the chances of errors and wastage of resources as well. It helps in properly placing the people component while analyzing the technical, financial and operational aspects of the project (Joosten, Basten and Mellis, 2016). Methodologies such as Agile, Waterfall, lean construction, Six Sigma, Critical chain etc are commonly adopted by the project managers to efficiently deal with the issue and develop critical plan for construction. However it has been analyzed that waterfall methodology is the most effective and commonly adopted measure which helps the construction projects to be accomplished in a proper and accurate manner (Konstantinou and Mller, 2016). The present project will implement the same in order to develop a structured plan to attain the predetermined objective. The evaluation will focus on evaluating the major stages of waterfall strategy and how it will be implemented in the mentioned case. Along with this the study will also evaluate the selected strategy in order to attain a clear analysis of the method. Waterfall methodology Waterfall methodology is one the most common and effective technique adopted for construction projects. It is alternatively called traditional project management measures as well. The stated aspect effectively divides the overall projects into specific subtasks and sequence. It has been evaluated that proper sequencing in construction projects is very necessary because to attain a proper result for the project effective planning is crucial. For example roof of the building can only be constructed once the base figure is ready (Kerzner, 2013). Waterfall as per the name defined the process of working as water flow in a downward and forward direction. The methodology represents the actual waterfall where the completion of the work is divided into specific tier or stages. The stated aspect of the methodology lies on the assumption that completion of prior stage is important to start the succeeding stage of work (Schwalbe, 2015). Focus on quality and design is effectively attained at ever y mentioned stage which helps in ensuring the success of the project in expected quality aspect. Team management and support is effectively attained in the technique thus high and significant results are attained in the project. Case analysis The current case analysis reflects that construction project for Quota Shared Park had been proposed in Mackay Region of Queensland, Australia. The park has to be redesigned and reconstructed in order to effectively integrate the functions and its assets. The development of the pathway will result in creating a significant result in terms of facility linkage for the park. Tender submission with the government has been done in order to ensure the acceptance of the proposed plan in an effective manner. The major focus of the construction plan will be to enhance consumer experiences for visiting the park. The available resources for the park are limited. There are few offices which will help in effective resource implementation. These offices will lead to a significant way of assigning the tasks and developing a well structured pathway for the project proposed. The Quota Shared Park will enhance the guest experience by effective development of the site and creating a significant impact on park development and growth. Stages of project planning Waterfall methodology undertakes a well defined sequential measure to attain the project and objective. There are different stages involved in the methodology which help in dividing and scheduling the project efficiently (Garton and McCulloch, 2012). The sated methodology will carry out the operations in a specific and steady flow of activities. It will help in attaining different phases of the project design and completion. It helps in developing a formal link between different stages of project development and completion. (Source: Steurbaut, and et.al., 2012) Stage 1: Requirements- This is one of the most crucial and significant stage of project initiation. It focuses on understanding the project needs and demands and successfully completing the same in a well defined and effective manner. The project manger will effectively analyze the Quota Shared Park will analyze the required construction and refurnishing planning for the project. At this stage resource requirement and needs will be significantly analyzed and determined to attain the smooth means of working on the project (Garton and McCulloch, 2012). This will also be helpful in project imitation and framing of business plans and activities. Quality analysis of resources and procedures will be significantly carried out in the overall process. The initial stage of project initiation is very significant for understating the project needs and demands in a clear and well defined manner. This stage will also focus on planning of the overall process. This will be significant in attaining p roject results in a quality aspect. Stage 2: Design- This stage of project management focuses on developing effective and well defined design for overall process. This stage of construction will focus on analyzing the construction design, facility layout and physical resources needed to develop significant results for completion of the plan (Steurbaut and et.al., 2012). Waterfall methodology will help in creating a significant impact on process and quality aspects. At this stage activity planning is carried out in order to effectively delegate the responsibilities and resources at different stage of project development. Designing is carried out in the basis of planning and resource requirement analyzed in the first stage of the project planning. It will help in delivering effective and significant results for the proposed project. The Quota Shared Park project will demand to analysis of construction and refurnishing plan as per the project needs and demand. This individual stage of methodology will help in determining the project process and sequence for effectively determining the resource and budget requirement. The project manager needs to ensure the sequence of the construction plan in order to ensure effective project completion. Stage 3: Implementation- The initial two stages of the methodology focused on analyzing the planning and designing aspects of the project. This stage as per the water fall methodology will focus of effective implementation and completion of every activity in a planned and scheduled manner (Iwanaga, El Sawah and Jakeman, 2013). The project manager in the stated project will focus on effectively analyzing the project needs and then develop effective programs for the stated need in small units which will help in integrating the project needs and demands in a well defined manner. As per the methodology each unit and program is effectively tested for quality verification and functionality so that the project manager can move the overall process to the next stage. The Quota Shared Park project will analyze the construction plans for guests entertainment and park development. These plans will be divided into small yet achievable milestones in order to carry out the process in an unrestricte d manner (Huemann, Keegan, and Mller, 2016). Stage 4: Integration and testing- This crucial stage of the methodology focuses on analyzing the gap between the planning and implementation stage. Here the project manager evaluates the needs and demands of every individual thus creating a significant impact on project completion. At this stage the construction activities are tested and analyzed for its speed and process. The manager effectively ensures minimization of errors in the construction plan as it may lead to increase in project time and completion. Hence effective testing helps in well defined attainment of project goals and processes. Stage 5: Deployment of system- This stage of project management focuses on analyzing the functional and non functionality of the project plan and procedure. It will help the project manager in analyzing the aspect which is delivering significant results for attaining the stated objectives of the project (Burke, 2013). However this stage also helps in evaluating the prospects which are not functional and cost effective with the project plan thus evaluation and comparison of standard output with actual output is effectively done to attain effective results. Stage 6: Maintenance- The final stage of methodology focuses on analyzing the overall project procedure along with the needs and demands of the clients. It helps the businesses in ensuring effective results in order to carry out the business activity. For the present study the evaluation will focus on analyzing the construction plan and actual output for the project thus creating a well defined structure for guests entertainment. Also to enhance the product some better versions are released. Maintenance is done to deliver these changes in the customer environment. Justification of methodology The above evaluation effectively revealed the effective and well defined means of project planning and management. This will help the businesses in creating a well defined impact on business growth and development. . The Quota Shared Park is presently focusing on reconstructing and redesigning the project in order to attain the business needs and demands (Chen, Cheng and Huang, 2013). It will help in enhancing guest experience and functionality of the park as well. the stated methodology will be highly effective for the stated objective as the process implemented in the study will be carried out in an effective and significant manner. Waterfall strategy will help in clearly dividing the expected outcomes of the projects in a schedules manner. These stages will then be attained in a procedural manner thus creating a well defined impact on project completion. The overall evaluation of the project thus reflects that the stated traditional measure is highly effective in managing cost and quality of the project (Losada, Urretavizcaya and Fernndez-Castro, 2013). Moreover the completion of the project in stated time and resources will also be ensured. Hence the waterfall methodology is effective and highly beneficial for the construction projects within the market. Documentation for the project In order to ensure effective completion of the project, documentation plays a significant role. The stated project of Quota Shared Park construction focuses on developing a clear and effective project for park development. The documentation of the projects in the stated plan will be adopted effectively. The project manager will ensure to develop effective documents for the project procedure and scheduling in order to effectively attain the project objective in an unrestricted manner. The procedural document for the construction project of Quota park project will be highly beneficial and effective. Conclusion The overall project management methodology focuses on developing an effective project for construction of the park. As per the evaluation waterfall strategy will be adopted in order to attain the project objectives effectively. Waterfall methodology is one the most common and effective technique adopted for construction projects. Project methodology focuses on effectively attaining the project aim in an effective and structured manner. Implementation of effective mythology helps in minimizing the chances of errors and wastage of resources as well. The Quota Shared Park is presently focusing on reconstructing and redesigning the project in order to attain the business needs and demands. It will help in enhancing guest experience and functionality of the park as well. Hence it can be concluded that the proposed methodology will help the project in effective planning and scheduling thus focusing on project objectives. References Books and Journals Losada, B., Urretavizcaya, M. and Fernndez-Castro, I., 2013. A guide to agile development of interactive software with a User Objectives-driven methodology.Science of Computer Programming,78(11), pp.2268-2281. Burke, R. 2013.Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Chen, J.C., Cheng, C.H. and Huang, P.B., 2013. Supply chain management with lean production and RFID application: A case study.Expert Systems with Applications,40(9). pp.3389-3397. Huemann, M., Keegan, A. and Mller, R., 2016. Managing the project-based organization. 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